GORDON AND THE MAHDI. 8 "Ethiopia's wealth-bearing tree"

was indigenous, and wherecorn and dhurra grew in profusion. The utiliza- tion at a convenient distance of the restless Turkish and Albanian mercenaries who had been his instruments in the destruction of the Mamelukes, the annihilation of

the remnant of these establishedat Dongola, the seizure of the gold mines of Senaar, fabulous accounts of which had reached Cairo, and the procuring of black re- cruits for his new troops, formedpart of his plan. Its political excuse was the reinstatement of the family of AVolled Atkin, whohad been driven from the throne of Senaar, the capital of theFungkingdom. IsmailPasha,

one of Mehemet Ali's sons, commanded the expedition. He drove the Mamelukes out of Dongola, won Nubia by his victory at KortiinNovember, 1820, andpushed on to Khartoum, where a fortified camp was formed at a spot

chosen on account of its strategical position between theWhite andBlue Niles. While returning to Cairo,in

his swayoverFashoda, andtaught thepeopleofKhartoum

to substitute brick houses for their huts of akin and thatch. Egyptian rule in theSoudan continued without serious disturbance until 1841, when a rebellion broke out in Kassala, which was temporarily quelled,but only to break out again the following year, when it was finally suppressed. By this time the Soudan had been mapped out into seven provinces, Fazaglou, Senaar, Khartoum, Taka, Berber, Dongola, and Kordofan. In 1856 the Viceroy Said Pasha visited the Soudan, and, as a result, almost decided upon abandoning it, but yieldedto the representations of the sheikhs andnotables. that anarchy would inevitably follow such a step. He decreed reforms, which were punctually neglected. One Governor-General succeeded another, their chief duties being the suppression of the periodical rebellions, and

the maintenanceofa borderwarfare with Abyssinia. In 1865, some8,000 negro troops, whosepay wasin arrear,

FORTIFIED EESIDEi.CE OF THE ANCIENT KINGS OF SHENDY.

1822, Ismail halted at Shendy,between Khartoumand Berber, at the house of Melek-en-Nimr,a nativeruler, of

whomhe demanded a boat-load of gold and athousand slaves. Melek feigned compliance, but, after making Ismailandhis staffdrunk,piled faggotsround the build- ing, and, settinglight to these,burned the inmatesalive. Terrible was the vengeance taken by Ismail's brother- in-law, Mehemet Bey, Defterdar of Kordofan. Shendy was burnt, its inhabitants slaughtered, and Egyptian sovereigntywas establishedoverSenaar andKordofan.

MehemetBey afterwards ruled over the Soudan, and then came Osman Bey at the head of a regiment of regular troops. He at once gave the unfortunate Sou- danese to understand that his mission was not one of organization,but of plunder and oppression. He had a cannon inhis camp which he termedthe Cadi,or judge, and all who appealed forprotectionagainst the exactions of his soldiery wereconducted to the Cadi,bound to the mouth, and blown to pieces. This was Osman's mode ofadministeringjustice, as hederisively expressedit. In1830, KhurshedPasha wasappointedGovernorGene- ralof theSoudan,andruledeleven years. He established

revoltedat Taka. Thisrevolt wasonlyquelledwith'diffi- culty, andthe negroeswere withdrawnfrom theSoudan, and replaced by Egyptiantroops. TheBed Seacoast,in- cluding Suakim andMassowah, was ceded by the Sultan in 1866 to the Khedive Ismail, who the year following-

visitedEnglandas the guestof theQueen,by whomhewas. created a Knight Commander of theBath, in return for the invaluableservices he had rendered to thiscountry. In 1869 BogosandGualabat, tillthenin the possession of

Abyssinia,wereincorporated as part of theEgyptianterri- tory,andshortly afterwardsSirSamuelBaker,as the only means of suppressing the slave trade, conquered the Equatorial Provinces, thereby extending the southern boundary of theSoudanup to1° north of theEquator.

SirSamuelBaker wasappointedGovernor of the subju- gated provincesby theKhedive Ismail, and continued to

administer them until the year1873, when he resigned his post. The Khedive maywellhave been perplexed by Sir Samuel Baker's resignation,for whom could he

appoint to continue the task of suppressing the infamous slaveraids, and establishinglegitimate commerce in their place, ashe wasbentupondoing. ThePrince of Wales is